Properties of integers, primes, and modular arithmetic
Fundamentals of divisibility, division algorithm, and properties of integers
Properties of primes, fundamental theorem of arithmetic, and prime distribution
GCD, Euclidean algorithm, and linear Diophantine equations
Congruences, modular operations, and properties
Fermat's Little Theorem, Euler's theorem, and applications
Quadratic residues, Legendre symbol, and quadratic reciprocity
Important arithmetic functions and their properties
RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and other cryptographic applications
Comprehensive references and practice materials